ISSN: 1885-5857 Impact factor 2023 7.2
Vol. 76. Num. 12.
Pages 1021-1031 (December 2023)

Special article
Spanish cardiac catheterization and coronary intervention registry. 32nd official report of the Interventional Cardiology Association of the Spanish Society of Cardiology (1990-2022)

Registro español de hemodinámica y cardiología intervencionista. XXXII informe oficial de la Asociación de Cardiología Intervencionista de la Sociedad Española de Cardiología (1990-2022)

Alfonso Jurado-RománaXavier FreixabBelén CidcdIgnacio Cruz-Gonzálezde on behalf of the ACI-SEC

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Rev Esp Cardiol. 2023;76:1021-31
Abstract
Introduction and objectives

This article presents the annual activity report of the Interventional Cardiology Association of the Spanish Society of Cardiology (ACI-SEC) for the year 2022.

Methods

All Spanish centers with catheterization laboratories were invited to participate. Data were collected online and were analyzed by an external company in collaboration with the members of the board of the ACI-SEC.

Results

A total of 111 centers participated. The number of diagnostic studies increased by 4.8% compared with 2021, while that of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) remained stable. PCIs on the left main coronary artery increased by 22%. The radial approach continued to be preferred for PCI (94.9%). There was an upsurge in the use of drug-eluting balloons, as well as in intracoronary imaging techniques, which were used in 14.7% of PCIs. The use of pressure wires also increased (6.3% vs 2021) as did plaque modification techniques. Primary PCI continued to grow and was the most frequent treatment (97%) in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Most noncoronary procedures maintained their upward trend, particularly percutaneous aortic valve implantation, atrial appendage closure, mitral/tricuspid edge-to-edge therapy, renal denervation, and percutaneous treatment of pulmonary arterial disease.

Conclusions

The Spanish cardiac catheterization and coronary intervention registry for 2022 reveals a rise in the complexity of coronary disease, along with a notable growth in procedures for valvular and nonvalvular structural heart disease.

Keywords

Interventional cardiology registry
TAVI
Primary percutaneous coronary intervention
Interventional cardiology
INTRODUCTION

One of the most important tasks of the steering committee of the Interventional Cardiology Association of the Spanish Society of Cardiology (ACI-SEC) is to record and produce an annual report on interventional cardiology activities across Spain. The association has been doing this now for over 3 decades.1–32 The ACI-SEC Catheterization and Interventional Cardiology Registry provides an overview of the current situation in Spain and also shows changes over time as new techniques are adopted. The reports also help identify regional differences and facilitate comparisons with other countries. Although participation in this national registry is voluntary, most hospitals, both in the public and private sector, are cognisant of the importance of the data and have made it an annual tradition to submit information. Because the data are not audited, the registry has several limitations. Nonetheless, it contains vital information. The fields to be completed are updated annually to reflect the emergence of new procedures or devices. The database is managed externally by an independent company that supplies the data to the ACI-SEC steering committee for cleaning. The registry was presented at the ACI-SEC conference held in Santander, Spain, on June 9, 2022.

In short, the Spanish Catheterization and Interventional Cardiology Registry is one of the most important initiatives of the ACI-SEC each year: it is an exercise in collaboration and transparency, and sheds light on the latest trends in interventional cardiology in Spain and enables comparison across the country's different regions. The registry is also important as it can help inform investment policies by highlighting the need to promote certain procedures in given geographic areas.

In this article, we present the 32nd report on interventional cardiology in Spain in 2022.

METHODS

The ACI-SEC registry contains data on interventional cardiology activity undertaken in most public and private hospitals in Spain in 2022. The registry describes diagnostic and therapeutic procedures performed for cardiovascular and other diseases in catheterization laboratories across the country. Data are submitted to the registry on a voluntary basis and are not audited. An implicit margin of error is, therefore, expected. When anomalies are detected, the corresponding hospital is contacted for clarification. Data are submitted via an online form updated by the ACI-SEC steering committee each year to cover new techniques and devices. In 2022, this task was undertaken, for the first time, in conjunction with the person responsible for the Spanish Congenital Heart Disease Registry to ensure a more global vision of congenital heart conditions. The data on interventional cardiology activity in Spain for 2022 were analyzed by an external company aided by a member of the steering committee, who then collated the information and compared it with findings from previous years. As in other years, population rates for Spain and each autonomous community were calculated using data from the Spanish National Institute of Statistics website.33 The total Spanish population for 2022, 47 615 034 inhabitants, was used to calculate rates per million population. Data are expressed as numbers and percentages.

RESULTSInfrastructure and resources

Of the 122 centers invited to contribute to the ACI-SEC Catheterization and Interventional Cardiology Registry in 2022, 111 (91%) submitted data. The response rates were 96.4% (80/83) for public centers (down 3 from 2021) and 79.5% (31/39) for private centers (down 7 from 2021). This lower participation should be borne in mind when comparing activity with that reported for 2021. The data submitted corresponded to 263 catheterization laboratories. Of these, 153 were exclusively for cardiac catheterization, 60 were shared, 33 were hybrid, and 17 were affiliated (overseen by another hospital with surgical backup).

Ninety-seven of the 111 hospitals offered a 24/7 infarction code service. The other 14 performed primary percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) during standard working hours only. The number of interventional cardiologists reported was down from 494 in 2021 to 459 in 2022. Of these 437 (95.2%) had ACI-SEC accreditation. The drop in the number of interventional cardiologists contrasts with the increase in both cardiology fellows (up from 1841 in 2021 to 2137 in 2022) and cardiologists employed under a grant scheme (66 in 2021 vs 94 in 2022). The percentage of female interventional cardiologists, at 24.2%, was similar to that reported for 2021. There was a slight increase in the number of registered nurses (735 vs 722) and a slight decrease in that of diagnostic radiographers (94 vs 106).

Diagnostic activity and coronary interventionsDiagnostic activity

The return to normal activity following the COVID-19 pandemic perceived in 202129–31 was confirmed by the data submitted in 2022. There were 165 235 interventional diagnostic procedures, representing a 4.8% increase with respect to 2021 and outnumbering for the first time the procedures performed in 2019 (165 124). The most common procedure was coronary angiography (92.8%), followed by right heart catheterization (5%) and endomyocardial biopsy (1.1%).

The most commonly used access site for diagnostic procedures continued to be radial access (94.9%) and PCI (92.8%). The number of coronary angiograms reported for Spain overall was similar to that in 2021, with a mean of 3221 per million population. The largest increases were observed in the Canary Islands and Castile and León (figure 1). There was notable growth in the number of cardiac computed tomography studies, which stood at 19 657 vs 14 568 in 2021. Cardiologists participated in these studies in 37 (36.6%) of the 101 centers where this procedure is available.

Figure 1.

Intracoronary diagnostic techniques per million population in Spain; mean rates overall and by autonomous community for 2021 and 2022.

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Intracoronary diagnostic techniques

The use of intracoronary diagnostic techniques has increased steadily over the past decade (figure 2). Pressure wire functional studies were up 6.3% compared with 2021, and for the first time, centers provided data on microcirculation and vasospasm studies. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) increased by 31.5%. Some but not all of this increase can be attributed to the 15.3% drop in optical coherence tomography (catheter supply chain outages started in April 2022). Overall, intracoronary imaging (IVUS and optical coherence tomography) was used in 14.7% of PCIs, up from 11.6% in 2021. Use of these imaging techniques was unevenly distributed across the country, with Aragon in pole position (figure 3).

Figure 2.

Changes over time in intracoronary diagnostic techniques. OCT, optical coherence tomography.

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Figure 3.

Intracoronary diagnostic techniques by autonomous community. IVUS, intravascular ultrasound; OCT, optical coherence tomography.

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Percutaneous coronary intervention

The number of PCIs remained stable, further confirming recovery of normal operations in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 74 894 procedures were performed in 2022 vs 75 167 in 2021. The mean for Spain overall was 1573 PCIs per million population, which was slightly lower than the rate of 1586 per million population reported for 2021. The highest rates were observed in Castile and León, the Basque Country, and Extremadura (figure 4). Twenty-three (20.9%) of the 111 centers submitting data to the registry performed more than 1000 PCIs in 2022, while 53 (48.2%) performed between 500 and 1000. The rest (30.9%) performed fewer than 500 procedures. The total number of unprotected left main coronary artery and chronic total occlusion interventions increased by a respective 22% and 7.2% from 2021 to 2022.

Figure 4.

Percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) per million population in Spain; mean rates overall and by autonomous community for 2021 and 2022.

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Drug-eluting stents accounted for 97.3% of all stents used in 2022. This percentage is very similar to figures reported in recent years. The use of drug-eluting balloons continued to rise; in 2022, 2891 PCIs were performed exclusively using these devices (2006 in 2021).

Calcified plaque modification strategies continued to gain traction. The year-on-year increase was 48.7% for coronary intravascular lithotripsy and 48.9% for coronary laser atherectomy. For the first time ever, centers included orbital atherectomies, with 158 procedures reported. Notwithstanding these increases, rotational atherectomies saw a 6.5% rise.

Assist devices were used in 2.1% of all PCIs, confirming the upward trend observed in 2021. A very slight increase in the number of Impella devices (Abiomed, USA) used was reported (up by 2 from 325 in 2021). Larger increases were observed for extracorporeal membrane oxygenators (181 vs 168) and intra-aortic balloon pumps, which took top position and reversed the downturn observed in 2021 (1032 pumps in 2022 vs 924 in 2021 and 1020 in 2020).

PCI for acute myocardial infarction

PCI for acute myocardial infarction increased slightly yet another year (up 0.8% from 2021), with the number of procedures coming close to prepandemic figures (22 163 in 2022 vs 22 529 in 2019).29–31 Primary PCIs accounted for 97% of all PCIs and grew by 2.1% from 2021 to 2022. Rescue and facilitated PCIs, by contrast, fell by 15.8% and 40.3%, respectively, from 2021 (figure 5). The mean number of PCIs per million population increased slightly from 445 per million population in 2021 to 452 per million population in 2022 (figure 5). Most autonomous communities reported an increase in primary PCIs. The number of primary interventions performed per center was quite evenly distributed and similar to that in 2021, with 24.8% of centers performing 300 or more primary PCIs, 22.9% between 200 and 299, 19.3% between 100 and 199, and 33% fewer than 100.

Figure 5.

Primary percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) per million population in Spain; mean rates overall and by autonomous community for 2021 and 2022.

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A radial access site was used in 92.4% of primary PCIs. Thrombus aspiration was used in 33.7% of procedures, glycoprotein IIb-IIIa in 17.8%, and cangrelor in 3%. Overall, 7.2% of patients developed cardiogenic shock within 24 hours of the procedure and 3.6% required hemodynamic support.

Structural interventionismAortic valve interventions

Transcatheter aortic valve replacements (TAVRs) continued to rise, with 6672 procedures performed in 2022 vs 5720 in 2021 (16.6% increase). The number of implants per million population also increased, from 120.7 replacements per million population in 2021 to 140.7 per million population in 2022 (figure 6). The increase was observed in practically all the country's autonomous communities, with Galicia and Madrid at the top (213.9 and 181.9 implants per million population respectively) and Extremadura and La Rioja at the bottom. Overall, 27.8% of centers performed fewer than 100 TAVRs in 2022, 20.4% performed 50 to 99 and 51.8% performed fewer than 50; 85.2% of procedures were performed in patients aged 75 years or older. On stratifying the patients by risk profile, 12.9% were low risk, 30% were intermediate risk, and 35.8% were high risk. The remaining 21.3% had a contraindication for TAVR. In total, 272 valve-in-valve procedures were reported in 2022, up from 197 in 2021. A percutaneous transfemoral access route was used in 94.6% of TAVRs. The other routes were surgical transfemoral (2.3%), surgical transaxillary (1.8%), transapical (0.6%), percutaneous transaxillary (0.5%), and transcaval (0.1%). The following valves were used a) Edwards (Edwards Lifesciences, USA) (in 36.4% of procedures), b) Evolut (Medtronic, USA) (33.6%), c) Acurate Neo (Boston Scientific, USA) (13%), d) Navitor (Abbott Medical, USA) (10.2%), e) Allegra (Biosensors, Singapore) (3.5%), and f) MyVal (Meril, India) (3.3%).

Figure 6.

Transcatheter aortic valve replacements (TAVRs) per million population in Spain; mean rates overall and by autonomous community for 2021 and 2022.

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Mitral and tricuspid valve interventions

Mitral valvuloplasty continued the downward trend observed over the past decade, with 143 procedures performed in 2022 vs 187 in 2021.

Edge-to-edge mitral valve repairs increased by 22.3%, with 782 procedures performed in 2022 vs 612 in 2021. The Mitraclip device (Abbott Medical, USA) was used in 89.1% of repairs and the Pascal Precision system (Edwards Lifesciences, USA) in 10.9%. Overall, 46% of centers performed fewer than 10 procedures, 30% performed 10 to 19, 12% performed 20 to 29, and 12% performed 30 or more. Edge-to-edge mitral valve repairs were most common in Catalonia, Andalusia, and Madrid. The procedure was used to treat functional mitral regurgitation in 24.3% of cases, organic regurgitation in 48.9%, and functional and organic regurgitation in the remaining 26.8%.

Percutaneous tricuspid valve repairs also increased significantly in 2022 (213 interventions). The most common procedures were edge-to-edge repairs (51%), bicaval valve implantation (29%), and annuloplasty with the Cardioband system (Edwards Lifesciences, USA) (11%). There were 109 edge-to-edge repairs (98 in 2021), 62 bicaval valve implantations (38 in 2021), 24 annuloplasties with the Cardioband system (18 in 2021), and 14 tricuspid valve-in-valve replacements (15 in 2021).

Paravalvular leak closure

In total, 180 paravalvular leak closures were performed in 2022, down from 195 in 2021. The registry also showed an increase in aortic valve repairs (70 in 2022 vs 56 in 2021) and a decrease in mitral valve repairs (110 vs 139).

Nonvalvular structural interventions

Left atrial appendage closure once again showed the greatest growth (figure 7), with 1544 procedures in 2022 vs 1207 in 2021 (increase of 28.7%). The most widely used closure device was Amulet (Abbott Vascular, USA), used in 726 patients, followed by Watchman FLX (Boston Scientific, USA) (n = 583), Lambre (Lifetech Scientific, USA) (n = 203), and Omega (Vascular Innovations, Thailand) (n = 32).

Figure 7.

Recent changes in percutaneous left atrial appendage closures.

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There was also a notable increase in renal denervations (72 in 2022 vs 25 in 2021). Other nonvalvular structural interventions included 124 percutaneous procedures to treat acute pulmonary thromboembolism (44 with specific devices) and 136 to treat chronic thromboembolic disease (91 in 2021).

Adult congenital heart disease interventions

As previously mentioned, the collection procedure for congenital heart disease interventions was optimized in 2022. In brief, the most common procedures used to treat congenital heart disease in adults all increased, with 952 patent foramen ovale repairs (924 in 2021), 73 aortic coarctation repairs (58 in 2021), and 351 atrial septal defect repairs (331 in 2021). More details will be provided in the Spanish Congenital Heart Disease Registry report.

Discussion

The ACI-SEC Spanish Catheterization and Interventional Cardiology Registry reveals a number of remarkable findings for 2022. First, the latest report confirms a return to normal hospital activity in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, with the overall number of interventional cardiology procedures exceeding those reported for 2019. Second, the use of intracoronary diagnostic techniques, including functional tests with a pressure wire, also increased, and for the first time ever, centers submitted information on microcirculation and vasospasm studies. Third, there was an overall increase in intracoronary imaging techniques, in particular IVUS. Fourth, the upward trend for PCI assist devices, in particular intra-aortic balloon pumps, was maintained; the use of Impella devices and extracorporeal membrane oxygenators also increased but less so. Fifth, structural heart disease procedures continued a strong upward trend, with pronounced increases in TAVR, mitral valve repairs, and left atrial appendage closures. Sixth, renal denervations made a comeback, and there was also a marked increase in percutaneous treatments for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Finally, the use of treatments with a proven prognostic impact, such as primary PCI and TAVR, continued to vary across the different regions of Spain.

The 2021 ACI-SEC report showed that hospitals had resumed near-normal operations in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic.31 This recovery was confirmed by the 2022 report, with similar and in some cases even higher procedure volumes than those reported in 2019.31

The number of centers participating in the registry fell, an important consideration when comparing data from 2022 and 2021. Nevertheless, most of the hospitals invited to participate responded, and we believe that the data provide an accurate picture of interventional cardiology activity in Spain for 2022. Considering that overall activity increased from 2021 to 2022, we were surprised to see a decrease in the number of interventional cardiologists and an increase in that of cardiology fellows.

A number of aspects are worth highlighting in the area of coronary procedures. Radial access continued to dominate, accounting for almost 95% of all access sites used in both diagnostic procedures and PCI. Intracoronary imaging-guided PCI and invasive functional studies (with the first-ever reports of the use of microcirculation and vasospasm procedures) experienced further growth in 2022. The evidence on the usefulness of these procedures is growing, but uptake is probably also up due to a greater awareness of their benefits among interventional cardiologists34 and an increase in the number of complex heart conditions. These circumstances may also have influenced the marked increase observed in calcified plaque modification procedures, for which there is a growing body of information.35 There was also a notable increase in left coronary artery PCIs from 2021 to 2022 and a more modest increase in chronic total occlusion repairs. The growth in drug-eluting balloon angioplasty is also remarkable.

The use of rescue and facilitated PCIs for acute myocardial infarction increased at different stages of the COVID-19 pandemic,30 but this trend was reversed in both 2021 and 2022. The volume of primary PCI activity largely returned to prepandemic levels.29 Although most autonomous communities reported a growth in primary PCI activity, significant regional disparities persist (figure 5), despite clear evidence of the positive impact of this procedure on prognosis.36 Targeted strategies to increase uptake in areas with low volumes of activity may be worth considering.

New records were set for percutaneous treatments for structural heart disease,1–31 with significant increases observed for all procedures compared with 2021. The growth of TAVR activity seems to be unstoppable, with a 16.6% increase vs 2022. The rate per million population also increased significantly (from 120.7 per million population in 2021 to 140.1 per million population in 2022) (figure 6), and is now close to the European mean.37 Although TAVRs increased in practically all the autonomous communities of Spain, significant regional differences remain.

Percutaneous treatment of mitral regurgitation showed one of the steepest growths with respect to 2021, confirming yet again the recovery of normal operations following the COVID-19 pandemic.31 This recovery, together with growing evidence on the benefits of this technique,38 has cemented the use of edge-to-edge mitral valve repairs in Spain, although, again, activity varies across both regions and centers. Tricuspid regurgitation treatments also increased in 2022. Edge-to-edge repair continues to be the most widely used technique,39 but there was also a growth in bicaval prostheses and percutaneous annuloplasties.

Of note, some of the largest increases compared with previous years were observed for percutaneous left atrial appendage closures, renal denervations, and percutaneous treatment of chronic pulmonary thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (figure 8 and figure 9). The data for 2022 confirm that left atrial appendage closure has come of age and is being increasingly embraced by interventional cardiologists in Spain. The growth can probably be attributed to greater experience and stronger evidence.40–42 Renal denervation is undergoing something of a revival, most likely driven by recent recommendations.43 Finally, percutaneous treatment of pulmonary artery disease deserves a separate mention. Although the volume of acute pulmonary thromboembolism treatments was similar to that in 2021, there was a notable increase in the use of specific devices, a trend that is likely to continue.44,45 Percutaneous treatments for chronic thromboembolism pulmonary hypertension also increased in number. Considering the lack of sufficiently powered randomized trials, this increase may be partly due to experience accumulated in recent years46 and the inclusion of more centers offering this treatment.

Figure 8.

Overview of coronary procedures in 2022 vs 2021. IVUS, intravascular ultrasound; OCT, optical coherence tomography; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention.

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Figure 9.

Overview of noncoronary procedures in 2022 vs 2021. A: TAVR (transcatheter aortic valve replacement) and left atrial appendage (LAA) and patent oval foramen (POF) closures. B: edge-to-edge mitral and tricuspid valve repair, renal denervation, and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH).

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CONCLUSIONS

This latest report on the Spanish Catheterization and Interventional Cardiology Registry confirms that Spanish hospitals have resumed normal operations in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. It also shows that an increase in more complex heart conditions and structural interventions, with the main procedures in this area reaching record numbers.

FUNDING

This study received no funding.

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS

All the authors contributed to writing and critically reviewing this article.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

X. Freixa is a proctor for Abbott Medical and Lifetech Science; A. Jurado-Román is a proctor for Boston Scientific, World Medica, Philips-Biomenco, and Medtronic; and I. Cruz-is a proctor for Abbott Medical, Lifetech Science, and Boston Scientific.

APPENDIX 1
REGISTRY PARTICIPANTS

Collaborator  Center 
Fernando Sarnago Cebada  Hospital 12 de Octubre 
José Antonio Baz  Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro 
Íñigo Lozano  Hospital de Cabueñes 
Manel Sabaté  Hospital Clínic de Barcelona 
Jesús Jiménez  Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete 
Luis Antonio Íñigo García  Hospital Costa del Sol 
Asier Subinas Elorriaga  Hospital Galdakao-Usansolo 
Alberto Berenguer Jofresa  Hospital General de Valencia 
Enrique Novo García  Hospital General Universitario de Guadalajara 
María José Pérez Vizcayno  Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos 
Xavier Carrillo Suárez  Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol 
Eduardo Pinar Bermúdez  Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la ArrixacaHospital HLA La Vega 
Ramón Calviño Santos  Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña 
Salvador Álvarez Antón  Hospital Central de la Defensa Gómez Ulla 
Ramiro Trillo Nouche  Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago 
José Ramón Ruíz Arroyo  Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa 
Agustín Fernández Cisnal  Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia 
Ignacio J. Amat-Santos  Hospital Clínico Universitario de ValladolidHospital Recoletas Campogrande 
Miguel Jerez Valero  Hospital de Manises 
Juan Carlos Rama Merchán  Hospital de Mérida 
Beatriz Vaquerizo  Hospital del Mar 
David Tejada Ponce  Hospital General de Castellón 
Juan Miguel Ruiz Nodar  Hospital General Universitario de Alicante 
Ignacio Sánchez Pérez  Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real 
Paula Tejedor  Hospital General Universitario de Elche 
Jaime Elizaga  Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón 
Francisco Manuel Jiménez Cabrera  Hospital Insular de Gran Canaria 
Juan Antonio Bullones Ramírez  Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga 
Rosa Sánchez Aquino  Hospital Rey Juan Carlos 
María Pilar Portero Pérez  Hospital San Pedro de Logroño 
Gerard Roura  Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge 
Mohsen Mohandes  Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII de Tarragona 
Roberto Sáez Moreno  Hospital Universitario de Basurto 
Pablo Avanzas  Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias 
Juan Caballero  Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio 
Alfonso Miguel Torres Bosco  Hospital Universitario de Álava 
Antonio Merchán Herrera  Hospital Universitario de Badajoz 
Javier Robles Alonso  Hospital Universitario de Burgos 
Francisco Bosa Ojeda  Hospital Universitario de Canarias 
Koldobika García San Román  Hospital Universitario de Cruces 
Victor Hugo Agudelo  Hospital Universitario de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta 
Pedro Martin Lorenzo  Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín 
Juan Carlos Fernández  Hospital Universitario de Jaén 
Armando Pérez de Prado  Hospital Universitario de León 
Valeriano Ruiz Quevedo  Hospital Universitario de Navarra 
Ignacio Cruz González  Hospital Universitario de Salamanca 
José Moreu Burgos  Hospital Universitario de Toledo 
Juan Ruiz García  Hospital Universitario de Torrejón 
Francisco José Sánchez Burguillos  Hospital Universitario de Valme 
Daniel Núñez Pernas  Hospital Universitario del Vinalopó 
Pascual Baello Monge  Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset 
Lorenzo Hernando Marrupe  Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón 
Juan Antonio Franco Peláez  Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Hospital General de Villalba 
Alfonso Jurado Román  Hospital Universitario La Paz 
Francisco Pomar Domingo  Hospital Universitario de La Ribera 
Georgina Fuertes Ferre  Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet de Zaragoza 
Raquel Pimienta González  Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria 
Francisco José Morales Ponce  Hospital Universitario Puerto Real 
Ángel Sánchez Recalde  Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Hospital Universitario Sanitas La Moraleja, Hospital Universitario Sanitas Zarzuela 
Soledad Ojeda Pineda  Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba, Hospital QuirónSalud Córdoba 
Araceli Frutos García  Hospital Universitario San Juan de Alicante 
Raúl Millán Segovia  Hospital Universitario Son Espases 
Ricardo Fajardo Molina  Hospital Universitario Torrecárdenas 
José Luis Díez Gil  Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe 
Agustín Guisado Rasco  Hospital Virgen del Rocío 
Antonio Enrique Gómez Menchero  Hospital Juan Ramón Jiménez de Huelva 
Eduard Bosch  Hospital Parc Taulí 
Juan Francisco Oteo Domínguez  Hospital Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda 
Alejandro Gutiérrez-Barrios  Hospital Puerta del Mar 
José Domingo Cascón Pérez  Hospital Santa Lucía 
Juan Manuel Casanova Sandoval  Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova de Lleida 
Javier Fernández Portales  Hospital Universitario de Cáceres 
Fernando Rivero Crespo  Hospital Universitario de La Princesa 
Eva Gonzalez Caballero  Hospital Universitario de Jerez de la Frontera 
Raymundo Ocaranza Sánchez  Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti 
Javier Zueco  Hospital de Valdecilla 
Bruno García del Blanco  Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron 
Juan Horacio Alonso Briales  Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria 
Joaquín Sánchez Gila  Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves 
Manuel Vizcaino Arellano  Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena 
Julio Carballo Garrido  Centro Médico Teknon 
Leire Andraka  Clinica IMQ Zorrozaurre 
Alfredo Gómez Jaume  Clínica Juaneda Palma 
Álvaro Merino Otermin  Clínica Rotger 
Miguel Artaiz Urdaci  Clínica Universidad de Navarra 
Carlos Arellano Serrano  Clínica Universidad de Navarra 
Luis Antonio Íñigo García  Hospital Costa del Sol 
Eulogio García  Hospital HLA Universitario Moncloa 
Leire Unzué  Hospital Universitario HM Montepríncipe 
Juan Miguel Ruiz Nodar  Hospital Clínica Benidorm 
Dabit Arzamendi  Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau 
Xavier Freixa  Hospital General de Catalunya 
Vicente Mainar  Hospital IMED Levante 
Mariano Usón  Hospital Juaneda-Miramar 
Jorge Palazuelos Molinero  Hospital La Luz 
Ramón López Palop  Hospital QuirónSalud Torrevieja 
Armando Bethencourt  Hospital QuirónSalud Palmaplanas 
Eduardo Alegría Barrero  Hospital Ruber Internacional 
Santiago Jesús Camacho Freire  Hospital San Agustín 
Gonzalo Peña  Hospital San Rafael 
María Eugenia Vázquez Álvarez  Hospital San Rafael-Madrid 
Juan Francisco Muñoz Camacho  Hospital Universitari Mútua de Terrassa 
Antonio Ramírez Moreno  Hospiten Estepona 
Mariano Larman Tellechea  Policlínica Gipuzkoa, Hospital Universitario Donostia 
Rafael García de la Borbolla Fernández  Hospital Viamed Santa Ángela de la Cruz 

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The full list of collaborators can be found in appendix 1.

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