ISSN: 0300-8932 Factor de impacto 2023 7,2
Vol. 6. Núm. B.
Páginas 48B-58B (Abril 2006)

Insuficiencia cardiaca postinfarto. papel del bloqueo aldosterónico: eplerenona
Lecciones del estudio EPHESUS (Eplerenone Post-AMI Heart Failure Efficacy and Survival Study)

Lessons from EPHESUS (Eplerenone Post-AMI Heart Failure Efficacy and Survival Study)

Esteban López de Sáa¿Rafael RubioaEsther MartínezbJosé López-Sendóna

Opciones

La insuficiencia cardiaca es la principal causa de muerte en los pacientes hospitalizados por infarto agudo de miocardio. El bloqueo del sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona mediante el tratamiento con inhibidores de la enzima de conversión de la angiotensina (IECA) y la administración de bloqueadores beta han demostrado mejorar el pronóstico de los pacientes con disfunción ventricular postinfarto. Hay bases experimentales que han sugerido que el bloqueo de los receptores de la aldosterona también podría ser beneficioso en esta situación. La eplerenona tiene una eficacia similar a la de espironolotactona, pero con menores tasas de ginecomastia, mastodinia y alteraciones menstruales y de la libido. El estudio EPHESUS comparó el efecto a largo plazo de la eplerenona en 6.632 pacientes con infarto de miocardio y disfunción ventricular sistólica (fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo ≤ 40%) con síntomas de insuficiencia cardiaca o disfunción sistólica aislada en diabéticos. Se excluyó a los pacientes con cifras de potasio sérico > 5mmol/l y cifras de creatinina > 2,5mg/dl. La dosis de eplerenona fue de 25mg/día el primer mes y, posteriormente, un máximo de 50mg/día. El estudio se diseñó con 2 objetivos primarios: mortalidad global y muerte/reingreso cardiovascular (insuficiencia cardiaca, infarto, ictus o arritmia).

La mortalidad global en el grupo asignado a eplerenona se redujo un 15% (p=0,008). Entre las diferentes causas de muerte, la reducción fue del 21% en la muerte súbita cardiaca y del 20% en la mortalidad por insuficiencia cardiaca. El beneficio de la administración del fármaco fue independiente de que el paciente estuviese tratado con IECA/antagonistas de los receptores de la angiotensina II (ARA-II) o bloqueadores beta. Se observó que el efecto de la eplerenona fue muy favorable precozmente, ya que a los 30 días la reducción de la mortalidad global fue del 31% (p=0,004). El tratamiento con eplerenona produjo una reducción del 15% en la necesidad de hospitalización por insuficiencia cardiaca (p=0,03) y una disminución del 23% en el número de episodios de hospitalización por insuficiencia cardiaca (p=0,002) a largo plazo.

La principal complicación que apareció relacionada con el tratamiento fue la hiperpotasemia. Se desarrolló hiperpotasemia con valores de potasio ≥ 6mmol/l en el 5,5% de los pacientes tratados con eplerenona y en el 3,9% de los tratados con placebo (p=0,002). El incremento del coste de este tratamiento tiene una buena relación coste-efectividad según los estándares actuales en nuestro medio.

Palabras clave

Aldosterona
Insuficiencia cardiaca
Infarto de miocardio
Muerte súbita
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