ISSN: 0300-8932 Factor de impacto 2023 7,2
Vol. 6. Núm. C.
Páginas 10C-24C (Mayo 2006)

Antagonistas de los receptores de la angiotensina ii e insuficiencia cardiaca
Características farmacológicas de los ARA-II. ¿Son todos iguales?

Pharmacological Properties of Angiotensin-II Receptor Antagonists. Do They All Belong to the Same Class of Drugs?

Juan Tamargo¿Ricardo CaballeroRicardo GómezLucía NúñezMiguel VaqueroEva Delpón

Opciones

Los antagonistas de los receptores AT1 de la angiotensina II (ARA-II) son un grupo de fármacos que antagonizan las acciones que la angiotensina II (A-II) ejerce por mediación de éstos, independientemente de cuál sea su vía de síntesis. En presencia de un ARA-II, la A-II estimula los receptores AT2, produciendo diversas acciones que contrarrestan aquellas mediadas por los receptores AT1. Los ARA-II han demostrado ser fármacos antihipertensivos efectivos y seguros y, además, ejercen efectos beneficiosos independientes de su acción antihipertensiva en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca, diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y nefropatías. Sin embargo, existen diferencias en la estructura química, la afinidad receptiva y las propiedades farmacodinámicas y farmacocinéticas de estos fármacos. De hecho, recientemente se ha demostrado que los ARA-II ejercen acciones no relacionadas con el bloqueo de los receptores AT1 y que, por tanto, son características de cada uno de estos fármacos. En este artículo comparamos el mecanismo de acción, las acciones, las características farmacocinéticas y las reacciones adversas de los 7 ARA-II comercializados (candesartán, eprosartán, irbesartán, losartán, olmesartán, telmisartán y valsartán). Existen diferencias farmacológicas entre los ARA-II que sugieren que no podemos hablar de un efecto de clase. Sin embargo, aún no disponemos de ensayos clínicos adecuadamente diseñados que comparen sus efectos a largo plazo.

Palabras clave

Receptor AT1
Antagonistas de los receptores AT1
Hipertensión
Insuficiencia cardiaca
Diabetes mellitus
Farmacocinética
Este artículo solo puede leerse en pdf
Bibliografía
[1.]
P.B. Timmermans, P.C. Wong, A.T. Chiu, W.F. Herblin, P. Benfield, D.J. Carini, et al.
Angiotensin II receptors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists.
Pharmacol Rev, (1993), 45 pp. 206-251
[2.]
K. Griendling, B. Lassëgue, R. Alexander.
Angiotensin receptors and their therapeutic applications.
Annu Rev Pharmacol, (1996), 36 pp. 281-306
[3.]
J. Tamargo.
Antagonistas de los receptores de la angiotensina II.
Med Clin (Barc), (2000), 114 pp. S6-S12
[4.]
M. Burnier.
Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers.
Circulation, (2001), 103 pp. 904-912
[5.]
V. Dzau.
The cardiovascular continuum and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade.
J Hypertens, (2005), 23 pp. S9-S17
[6.]
E.L. Schiffrin.
Vascular and cardiac benefits of angiotensin receptor blockers.
Am J Med, (2002), 113 pp. 409-418
[7.]
M. De Gasparo, K.J. Catt, T. Inagami, J.W. Wright, T. Unger.
International Union of Pharmacology. XXIII. The angiotensin II receptors.
Pharmacol Rev, (2000), 52 pp. 415-472
[8.]
K.L. Goa, A.J. Wagstaaff.
Losartan. A review of its pharmacology, clinical efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of hypertension.
Drugs, (1996), 51 pp. 820-845
[9.]
K.F. Croom, M.P. Curran, K.L. Goa, C.M. Perry.
Irbesartan: a review of its use in hypertension and in the management of diabetic nephropathy.
Drugs, (2004), 64 pp. 999-1028
[10.]
K.C. Abbot, F.C. Trespalacios, L.Y. Agodoa, A.J. Taylor, G.L. Bakris.
Beta-Blocker use in long-term dialysis patients: association with hospitalized heart failure and mortality.
Arch Intern Med, (2004), 164 pp. 2465-2471
[11.]
J. Tamargo.
Eprosartán, un nuevo antagonista de los receptores de la angiotensina II.
Hipertensión, (2001), 18 pp. S19-S36
[12.]
M. Sharpe, B. Jarvis, K.L. Goa.
Telmisartan: a review of its use in hypertension.
Drugs, (2001), 61 pp. 1501-1529
[13.]
S.E. Easthope, B. Jarvis.
Candesartan cilexetil: an update of its use in essential hypertension.
Drugs, (2002), 62 pp. 1253-1287
[14.]
K. Wellington, D.M. Faulds.
Valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide: a review of its pharmacology, therapeutic efficacy and place in the management of hypertension.
Drugs, (2002), 62 pp. 1983-2005
[15.]
T. Unger, G.T. McInnes, J.M. Neutel, M. Bohm.
The role of olmesartan medoxomil in the management of hypertension.
Drugs, (2004), 64 pp. 2731-2739
[16.]
M. Horiuchi, M. Akishita, V.J. Dzau.
Recent progress in angiotensin II type 2 receptor research in the cardiovascular system.
Hypertension, (1999), 33 pp. 613-621
[17.]
N. Jaiswal, D.I. Diz, E.A. Tallant, M.C. Khosla, C.M. Ferrario.
The nonpeptide angiotensin II antagonist DuP 753 is a potent stimulus for prostacyclin synthesis.
Am J Hypertens, (1991), 4 pp. 228-233
[18.]
H.M. Siragy.
Angiotensin receptor blockers: how important is selectivity?.
Am J Hypertens, (2002), 15 pp. 1006-1014
[19.]
W.W. Batenburg, I.M. Garrelds, C.C. Bernasconi, L. Juillerat-Jeanneret, J.P. Van Kats, P.R. Saxena, et al.
Angiotensin II type 2 receptor-mediated vasodilation in human coronary microarteries.
Circulation, (2004), 109 pp. 2296-2301
[20.]
G.W. Booz, K.M. Baker.
Role of type 1 and type 2 angiotensin receptors in angiotensin II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.
Hypertension, (1996), 28 pp. 635-640
[21.]
M. Nakajima, H.G. Hutchinson, M. Fujinaga, W. Hayashida, R. Morishita, L. Zhang, et al.
The angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor antagonized the growth effects of the AT1 receptor: gain-of-function study using gene transfer.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, (1995), 92 pp. 10663-10667
[22.]
M. Stoll, U.M. Steckelings, M. Paul, S.P. Bottari, R. Metzger, T. Unger.
The angiotensin AT2 receptor mediates inhibition of cell proliferation in coronary endothelial cells.
J Clin Invest, (1995), 95 pp. 651-657
[23.]
M. Horiuchi, M. Akishita, V.J. Dzau.
Molecular and cellular mechanism of angiotensin II-mediated apoptosis.
Endocr Res, (1998), 24 pp. 307-314
[24.]
N. Ohkubo, H. Matsubara, Y. Nozawa, Y. Mori, S. Murasawa, K. Kijima, et al.
Angiotensin type 2 receptors are reexpressed by cardiac fibroblasts from failing myopathic hamster hearts and inhibit cell growth and fibrillar collagen metabolism.
Circulation, (1997), 96 pp. 3954-3962
[25.]
H. Masaki, T. Kurihara, A. Yamaki, N. Inomata, Y. Nozawa, Y. Mori, et al.
Cardiac-specific overexpression of angiotensin II AT2 receptor causes attenuated response to AT1 receptor-mediated pressor and chronotropic effects.
J Clin Invest, (1998), 101 pp. 527-535
[26.]
J. Suzuki, M. Iwai, H. Nakagami, L. Wu, R. Chen, T. Sugaya, et al.
Role of angiotensin II-regulated apoptosis through distinct AT1 and AT2 receptors in neointimal formation.
Circulation, (2002), 106 pp. 847-853
[27.]
S. Arima, Y. Endo, H. Yaoita, K. Omata, S. Ogawa, K. Tsunoda, et al.
Possible role of P-450 metabolite of arachidonic acid in vasodilator mechanism of angiotensin II type 2 receptor in the isolated microperfused rabbit afferent arteriole.
J Clin Invest, (1997), 100 pp. 2816-2823
[28.]
H.M. Siragy, C. Xue, P. Abadir, R.M. Carey.
Angiotensin subtype-2 receptors inhibit renin biosynthesis and angiotensin II formation.
Hypertension, (2005), 45 pp. 133-137
[29.]
L. Hein, G.S. Barsh, R.E. Pratt, V.J. Dzau, B.K. Kobika.
1995 Behavioral and cardiovascular actions of disrupting the angiotensin II type II receptor gene in mice.
Nature, (1995), 377 pp. 744-747
[30.]
S. Kurisu, R. Ozono, T. Oshima, M. Kambe, T. Ishida, H. Sugino, et al.
Cardiac angiotensin II type 2 receptor activates the kinin/NO system and inhibits fibrosis.
Hypertension, (2003), 41 pp. 99-107
[31.]
H. Matsubara.
Pathophysiological role of angiotensin II type 2 receptors in cardiovascular and renal diseases.
Circ Res, (1998), 83 pp. 1182-1191
[32.]
Z. Yang, C.M. Bove, B.A. French, F.H. Epstein, S. Berr, J.M. DiMaria, et al.
Angiotensin II type 2 receptor over-expression preserves left ventricular function after myocardial infarction.
Circulation, (2002), 106 pp. 106-111
[33.]
L. Wu, M. Iwai, H. Nakagami, R. Chen, J. Suzuki, M. Akishita, et al.
Effect of angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade on cardiac remodeling in angiotensin II type 2 receptor null mice.
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, (2002), 22 pp. 49-54
[34.]
Y. Tsutumi, H. Matsubara, H. Masaki, H. Kurihara, S. Murasawa, S. Takai, et al.
Vascular smooth muscle-targeted over-expression of angiotensin II type 2 receptor causes endothelium-dependent depressor and vasodilative effects via activation of the vascular kinin system.
J Clin Invest, (1999), 104 pp. 855-864
[35.]
A. Sachinidis, Y. Ko, P. Weisser, M.K. Meyer zu Brickwedde, R. Dusing, R. Christian, et al.
EXP3174, a metabolite of losartan is more potent than losartan in blocking the angiotensin II-induced responses in vascular smooth muscle cells.
J Hypertens, (1993), 11 pp. 155-162
[36.]
M. Ojima, Y. Inada, Y. Shibouta, T. Wada, T. Sanada, K. Kubo, et al.
Candesartan (CV-11974) dissociates slowly from the angiotensin AT1 receptor.
Eur J Pharmacol, (1997), 319 pp. 137-146
[37.]
G. Mancia.
Clinical differences among angiotensin II receptor antagonists.
Blood Press Suppl, (2001), 10 pp. 19-24
[38.]
D.H. Smith.
Strategies to meet lower blood pressure goals with a new standard in angiotensin II receptor blockade.
Am J Hypertens, (2002), 15 pp. 108-114
[39.]
A.U. Klingbeil, M. Schneider, P. Martus, F.H. Messerli, R.E. Schmieder.
A meta-analysis of the effects of treatment on left ventricular mass in essential hypertension.
Am J Med, (2003), 115 pp. 41-46
[40.]
E.L. Schiffrin, J.B. Park, H.D. Intengan, R.M. Touyz.
Correction of arterial structure and endothelial dysfunction in human essential hypertension by the angiotensin receptor antagonist losartan.
Circulation, (2000), 101 pp. 1653-1659
[41.]
E.L. Schiffrin, J.B. Park, Q. Pu.
Effect of crossing over hypertensive patients from a beta-blocker to an angiotensin receptor antagonist on resistance artery structure and on endothelial function.
J Hypertens, (2002), 20 pp. 71-78
[42.]
J.B. Park, H.D. Intengan, E.L. Schiffrin.
Reduction of resistance artery stifness by treatment with the AT1-receptor antagonist losartan in essential hypertension.
J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst, (2000), 1 pp. 40-45
[43.]
A. Prasad, J.P.J. Halcox, M.A. Waclawiw, A.A. Quyyumi.
Angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonism reverses abnormal coronary vasomotion in atherosclerosis.
J Am Coll Cardiol, (2001), 38 pp. 1089-1095
[44.]
A. Prasad, T. Tupas-Habib, W.H. Schenke, R. Mincemoyer, J.A. Panza, M.A. Waclawin, et al.
Acute and chronic angiotensin-1 receptor antagonism reverses endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis.
Circulation, (2000), 101 pp. 2349-2354
[45.]
B. Dählof, R. Deveraux, S. Kjeldsen, S. Julius, G. Beevers, U. De Faire, LIFE Study Group, et al.
Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): A randomised trial against atenolol.
Lancet, (2002), 359 pp. 995-1003
[46.]
P.R. Conlin, J.D. Spence, B. Williams, A.B. Ribeiro, I. Saito, C. Benedict, et al.
Angiotensin II antagonists for hypertension: are there differences in efficacy?.
Am J Hypertens, (2000), 13 pp. 418-426
[47.]
D. Elmfeldt, B. Olofsson, P. Meredith.
The relationships between dose and antihypertensive effect of four AT1-receptor blockers. Differences in potency and efficacy.
Blood Press, (2002), 11 pp. 293-301
[48.]
P.A. Meredith.
Clinical comparative trials of angiotensin II type 1 (AT1)-receptor blockers.
Blood Press Suppl, (2001), 3 pp. 11-17
[49.]
P. Pitt, P. Segal, F.A. Martínez, G. Meurers, A.J. Cowley, I. Thomas, On behalf of ELITE study Investigators, et al.
Randomised study of losartan vs captopril in patients over 65 years with heart failure (Evaluation of heart failure in the Elderly Study. ELITE).
Lancet, (1997), 349 pp. 747-752
[50.]
S. Pitt, P.A. Poole-Wilson, R. Segal, F.A. Martínez, K. Dickstein, A.J. Camm, et al.
Randomised trial of losartan versus captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure: the losartan heart failure survival study – ELITE II.
Lancet, (2000), 355 pp. 1582-1587
[51.]
R.S. McKelvie, S. Yusuf, D. Pericak, The RESOLVD Pilot Study Investigators.
Comparison of candesartan, enalapril, and their combination in congestive heart failure. Randomized Evaluation of Strategies for Left Ventricular Dysfunction (RESOLVD) Pilot Study.
Circulation, (1999), 100 pp. 1056-1064
[52.]
A.P. Maggioni, I. Anand, S.O. Gottlieb, R. Latini, G. Tognoni, J.N. Cohn, Val-HeFT Investigators (Valsartan Heart Failure Trial).
Effects of valsartan on morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure not receiving angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.
J Am Coll Cardiol, (2002), 40 pp. 1414-1421
[53.]
K. Dickstein, J. Kjekshus, OPTIMAAL Steering Committee of the OPTIMAAL Study Group.
Effects of losartan and captopril on mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients after acute myocardial infarction: the OPTIMAAL randomised trial. Optimal Trial in Myocardial Infarction with Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan.
Lancet, (2002), 360 pp. 752-760
[54.]
J. Cohn, G. Tognoni, Valsartan Heart Failure Trial Investigators.
A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure.
N Engl J Med, (2001), 345 pp. 1667-1675
[55.]
M.A. Pfeffer, K. Swedberg, C.B. Granger, P. Held, J.J. McMurray, E.L. Michelson, CHARM Investigators and Committees, et al.
Effects of candesartan on mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure: the CHARM-Overall programme.
Lancet, (2003), 362 pp. 759-766
[56.]
J.J.V. McMurray, J. Ostergren, K. Swedberg, C.B. Granger, P. Held, E.L. Michelson, CHARM Investigators and Committees, et al.
Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function taking angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Added trial.
[57.]
C.B. Granger, J.J.V. McMurray, S. Yusuf, P. Held, E.L. Michelson, B. Olofsson, CHARM Investigators and Committees, et al.
Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function intolerant to angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Alternative trial.
Lancet, (2003), 362 pp. 7726
[58.]
S. Yusuf, M.A. Pfeffer, K. Swedberg, C.B. Granger, P. Held, J.J. McMurray, CHARM Investigators and Committees, et al.
Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved left-ventricular ejection fraction: the CHARM-Preserved trial.
[59.]
M. Burnier, M. Hagman, J. Nussberger, J. Biollaz, C. Armagnac, R. Brouard, et al.
Short-term and sustained renal effects of angiotensin II receptor blockade in healthy subjects.
Hypertension, (1995), 25 pp. 602-609
[60.]
J.C. Chan, J.A. Critchley, B. Tomlinson, T.Y. Chan, C.S. Cockram.
Antihypertensive and anti-albuminuric effects of losartan potassium and felodipine in chinese elderly hypertensive patients with or without non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Am J Nephrol, (1997), 17 pp. 72-80
[61.]
H. Holdaas, A. Hartmann, K.J. Berg, K. Lund, P. Fauchald.
Renal effects of losartan and amlodipine in hypertensive patients with non-diabetic nephropathy.
Nephrol Dial Transplant, (1998), 13 pp. 3096-3102
[62.]
P. Ruggenenti, A. Schieppati, G. Remuzzi.
Progression, remission, and regression of chronic renal disease.
Lancet, (2001), 357 pp. 1601-1608
[63.]
E.J. Lewis, L.G. Hunsicker, W.R. Clarke, T. Berl, M.A. Pohl, J.B. Lewis, Collaborative Study Group, et al.
Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes.
N Engl J Med, (2001), 345 pp. 851-860
[64.]
G. Viberti, N.M. Wheeldon, Micro Albuminuria Reduction With VALsartan (MARVAL) Study Investigators.
Microalbuminuria reduction with valsartan in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a blood pressure-independent effect.
Circulation, (2002), 106 pp. 672-678
[65.]
H.-H. Parwing, H. Lehnert, J. Bröcher-Mortensen, R. Gomis, S. Andersen, P. Arner, Irbesartan in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Microalbuminuria Study Group.
The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes.
N Engl J Med, (2001), 345 pp. 870-878
[66.]
B. Brenner, M. Cooper, D. De Zweeuw, W.F. Keane, W.E. Mitch, H.H. Parving, RENAAL Study Investigators. et al, et al.
Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy.
N Engl J Med, (2001), 345 pp. 861-869
[67.]
R.T. Gansevoort, D. De Zeeuw, P.E. De Jong.
Is the antiproteinuric effect of ACE inhibition mediated by interference in the renin-angiotensin system?.
Kidney Int, (1994), 45 pp. 861-867
[68.]
T. Vraamark, G. Waldemar, S. Strandgaard, O.B. Paulson.
Angiotensin II receptor antagonist CV-11974 and cerebral blood flow autoregulation.
J Hypertens, (1995), 13 pp. 755-761
[69.]
Y. Nishimura, T. Ito, K. Hoe, J.M. Saavedra.
Chronic peripheral administration of the angiotensin II AT1 receptor antagonist candesartan blocks brain AT1 receptors.
Brain Res, (2000), 871 pp. 29-38
[70.]
W. Groth, A. Blume, P. Gohlke, T. Unger, J. Culman.
Chronic pretreatment with candesartan improves recovery from focal cerebral ischaemia in rats.
J Hypertens, (2003), 21 pp. 2175-2182
[71.]
W.J. Dai, A. Funk, T. Herdegen, T. Unger, J. Culman.
Blockade of central angiotensin AT1 receptors improves neurological outcome and reduces expression of AP-1 transcription factors after focal brain ischemia in rats.
Stroke, (1999), 30 pp. 2391-2399
[72.]
T. Suganawa, H. Kinouchi, M. Oda, H. Shoji, T. Omae, K. Mizoi.
Candesartan reduces superoxide production after global cerebral ischemia.
Neuroreport, (2005), 16 pp. 325-328
[73.]
P. Gohlke, S. Weiss, A. Jansen, W. Wienen, J. Stangier, W. Rascher, et al.
AT1 receptor antagonist telmisartan administered peripherally inhibits central responses to angiotensin II in conscious rats.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther, (2001), 298 pp. 62-70
[74.]
P. Gohlke, T. Kox, T. Jurgensen, S. Von Kugelgen, W. Rascher, T. Unger, et al.
Peripherally applied candesartan inhibits central responses to angiotensin II in conscious rats.
Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol, (2002), 365 pp. 477-483
[75.]
J.D. Bui, B. Kimura, M.I. Phillips.
Losartan potassium, a nonpeptide antagonist of angiotensin II, chronically administered p.o. does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier.
Eur J Pharmacol, (1992), 219 pp. 147-151
[76.]
L.H. Lindholm, H. Ibsen, B. Dahlof, R.B. Devereux, G. Beevers, U. De Faire, LIFE Study Group, et al.
Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomized trial against atenolol.
Lancet, (2002), 359 pp. 1004-1110
[77.]
H. Lithell, L. Hansson, I. Skoog, D. Elmfeldt, A. Hofman, B. Olofsson, SCOPE Study Group, et al.
The Study on Cognition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE): principal results of a randomized double-blind intervention trial.
[78.]
V. Papademetriou, C. Farsang, D. Elmfeldt, A. Hofman, H. Lithell, B. Olofsson, Study on Cognition and Prognosis in the Elderly study group, et al.
Stroke prevention with the angiotensin II type 1-receptor blocker candesartan in elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension: the Study on Cognition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE).
J Am Coll Cardiol, (2004), 44 pp. 1175-1180
[79.]
F. Bertolino, J.P. Valentin, M. Maffre, B. Jover, A.M. Bessac, G.W. John.
Prevention of thromboxane A2 receptor-mediated pulmonary hypertension by a nonpeptide angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther, (1994), 268 pp. 747-752
[80.]
P. Li, C.M. Ferrario, K.B. Brosnihan.
Non peptide angiotensin II antagonist losartan inhibits thromboxane A2-induced contractions in canine coronary arteries.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther, (1997), 281 pp. 1065-1070
[81.]
A. López-Farré, L. Sánchez, M. Montón, A. Jiménez, A. López-Bloya, J. Gómez, et al.
Angiotensin II AT1 receptor antagonists and platelet activation.
Nephrol Dial Transplan, (2001), 16 pp. 45-49
[82.]
P. Li, M. Fukuhara, D. Diz, C.M. Ferrario, K.B. Brosnihan.
Novel angiotensin II AT1 receptor antagonist irbesartan prevents thromboxane A2-induced vasoconstriction in canine coronary arteries and human platelet aggregation.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther, (2000), 292 pp. 238-246
[83.]
H.C. Chen, J.L. Bouchie, A.S. Perez, A.C. Clermont, S. Izumo, J. Hampe, et al.
Role of the angiotensin AT1 receptor in rat aortic and cardiac PAI-1 gene expression.
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, (2000), 20 pp. 2297-2302
[84.]
T.K. Makris, G. Stavroulakis, D.P. Papadopoulos, P. Krespi, A. Hatzizacharias, A. Zilidis, et al.
Eprosartan effect on fibrinolytic/hemostatic variables in arterial hypertension: a comparative study to losartan.
Drugs Exp Clin Res, (2004), 30 pp. 125-132
[85.]
K.K. Koh, J.Y. Ahn, S.H. Han, D.S. Kim, D.K. Jin, H.S. Kim, et al.
Pleiotropic effects of angiotensin II receptor blocker in hypertensive patients.
J Am Coll Cardiol, (2003), 42 pp. 905-910
[86.]
B. Jilma, F.L. Li-Saw-Hee, O.F. Wagner, D.G. Beevers, G.Y. Lip.
Effects of enalapril and losartan on circulating adhesion molecules and monocyte chemotactic protein-1.
Clin Sci, (2002), 103 pp. 131-136
[87.]
A. Prasad, K.K. Koh, W.H. Schenke, R. Mincemoyer, G. Csako, T.A. Fleischer, et al.
Role of angiotensin II type 1 receptor in the regulation of cellular adhesion molecules in atherosclerosis.
Am Heart J, (2001), 142 pp. 248-253
[88.]
T. Tsutamoto, A. Wada, K. Maeda, N. Mabuchi, M. Hayashi, T. Tsutsui, et al.
Angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist decreases plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6 and soluble adhesion molecules in patients with chronic heart failure.
J Am Coll Cardiol, (2000), 35 pp. 714-721
[89.]
D. Fliser, K. Buchholz, H. Haller, EUropean Trial on Olmesartan and Pravastatin in Inflammation and Atherosclerosis (EUTOPIA) Investigators.
Antiinflammatory effects of angiotensin II subtype 1 receptor blockade in hypertensive patients with microinflammation.
Circulation, (2004), 110 pp. 1103-1107
[90.]
B. Schmidt, H. Drexler, B. Schieffer.
Therapeutic effects of angiotensin (AT1) receptor antagonists: potential contribution of mechanisms other than AT1 receptor blockade.
Am J Cardiovasc Drugs, (2004), 4 pp. 361-368
[91.]
T.W. Kurtz.
Treating the metabolic syndrome: telmisartan as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma activator.
Acta Diabetol, (2005), 42 pp. S9-S16
[92.]
E. Delpon, R. Caballero, R. Gómez, L. Núnez, J. Tamargo.
Angiotensin II, angiotensin II antagonists and spironolactone and their modulation of cardiac repolarization.
Trends Pharmacol Sci, (2005), 26 pp. 155-161
[93.]
K. Malmqvist, T. Kahan, M. Edner, L. Bergfeldt.
Comparison of actions of irbesartan versus atenolol on cardiac repolarization in hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy: results from the Swedish Irbesartan Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Investigation Versus Atenolol (SILVHIA).
Am J Cardiol, (2002), 90 pp. 1107-1112
[94.]
P. Lim, M. Nys, A. Naas, A.D. Struthers, M. Osbakken, T.M. MacDonald.
Irbesartan reduces QT dispersion in hypertensive individuals.
Hypertension, (1999), 33 pp. 713-718
[95.]
R. Matsumoto, M. Yoshiyama, T. Omura, S. Kim, Y. Nakamura, Y. Izumi, et al.
Effects of aldosterone receptor antagonist and angiotensin II type I receptor blocker on cardiac transcriptional factors and mRNA expression in rats with myocardial infarction.
Circ J, (2004), 68 pp. 376-382
[96.]
H. Hashida, M. Hamada, K. Hiwada.
Serial changes in sarcoplasmic reticulum gene expression in volume-overloaded cardiac hypertrophy in the rat: effect of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist.
Clin Sci, (1999), 96 pp. 387-395
[97.]
S. Kasama, T. Toyama, H. Kumakura, Y. Takayama, S. Ichikawa, T. Suzuki, et al.
Effects of candesartan on cardiac sympathetic nerve activity in patients with congestive heart failure and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction.
J Am Coll Cardiol, (2005), 45 pp. 661-667
[98.]
H. Nakashima, K. Kumagai, H. Urata, N. Gondo, M. Ideishi, K. Arakawa.
Angiotensin II antagonist prevents electrical remodeling in atrial fibrillation.
Circulation, (2000), 101 pp. 2612-2617
[99.]
K. Kumagai, H. Nakashima, H. Urata, N. Gondo, K. Arakawa, K. Saku.
Effects of angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist on electrical and structural remodeling in atrial fibrillation.
J Am Coll Cardiol, (2003), 41 pp. 2197-2204
[100.]
A. Madrid, M. Bueno, J. Rebollo, I. Marín, G. Pena, E. Bernal, et al.
Use of irbesartan to maintain sinus rhythm in patients with long-lasting persistent atrial fibrillation: a prospective and randomized study.
Circulation, (2002), 106 pp. 331-336
[101.]
K. Wachtell, M. Lehto, E. Gerdts, M.H. Olsen, B. Hornestam, B. Dahlof, et al.
Angiotensin II receptor blockade reduces new-onset atrial fibrillation and subsequent stroke compared to atenolol: the Losartan Intervention For End Point Reduction in Hypertension (LIFE) study.
J Am Coll Cardiol, (2005), 45 pp. 712-719
[102.]
K. Swedberg, M. Pfeiffer, A. Cohen-Solal, A. Ducharme.
Prevention of Atrial Fibrillation in Symptomatic Chronic Heart Failure by Candesartan: Results From CHARM.
J Am Coll Cardiol, (2004), 43 pp. 222A
[103.]
A.P. Maggioni, R. Latini, P.E. Carson, S.N. Singh, S. Barlera, R. Glazer, Val-HeFT Investigators, et al.
Valsartan reduces the incidence of atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure: results from the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial (Val-HeFT).
Am Heart J, (2005), 149 pp. 548-557
[104.]
R. Caballero, E. Delpon, C. Valenzuela, M. Longobardo, J. Tamargo.
Losartan and its metabolite E-3174 modify cardiac delayed rectifier K+ currents.
Circulation, (2000), 101 pp. 1199-1205
[105.]
R. Caballero, E. Delpon, C. Valenzuela, M. Longobardo, T. González, J. Tamargo.
Direct effects of candesartan and eprosartan on human cloned potassium channels involved in cardiac repolarization.
Mol Pharmacol, (2001), 59 pp. 825-836
[106.]
I. Moreno, R. Caballero, T. González, C. Arias, C. Valenzuela, I. Iriepa, et al.
Effects of irbesartan on cloned potassium channels involved in human cardiac repolarization.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther, (2003), 304 pp. 862-873
[107.]
C. Csajka, T. Buclin, H. Brunner, J. Biollaz.
Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic profile of angiotensin II receptor antagonists.
Clin Pharmacokin, (1997), 32 pp. 1-29
[108.]
L. Mazzolai, M. Burnier.
Comparative safety and tolerability of angiotensin II receptor antagonists.
Drug Safety, (1999), 21 pp. 23-33
[109.]
D.E. Kyrmizakis, C.E. Papadakis, A.D. Liolios, A.D. Karatzanis, S. Malandrakis, C.E. Skoulakis, et al.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists.
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, (2004), 130 pp. 1416-1419
[110.]
G.L. Bakris, M. Siomos, D. Richardson, I. Janssen, W.K. Bolton, L. Hebert, et al.
ACE inhibition or angiotensin receptor blockade: impact on potassium in renal failure. VAL-K Study Group.
Kidney Int, (2000), 58 pp. 2084-2092
[111.]
A. Sakarcan, F. Tenney, J.T. Wilson, J.J. Stewart, K.G. Adcock, T.G. Wells, et al.
The pharmacokinetics of irbesartan in hypertensive children and adolescents.
J Clin Pharmacol, (2001), 41 pp. 742-749
Copyright © 2006. Sociedad Española de Cardiología
¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?